Fatty acids are simply components of fats. There are TWO essential fatty acids. Essential means you NEED to get them from the diet because the body cannot manufacture them.
* The first is alpha-linolenic acid (LNA or ALA), and it belongs to the omega-3 family of fatty acids. You can find ALA in flax (abundantly), and in small quantities in walnuts, cold pressed canola oil, wheat germ (the part taken out when making white flour), and dark green leafy vegetables (in tiny amounts). By by far the best food source of ALA is flax seed and flax oil.
These foods are not especially popular in the typical American diet, so it is no wonder that about 95-99% of the US population is deficient in the essential fat ALA. This deficiency plays a role in practically all degenerative diseases like heart disease and cancer, arthritis, skin conditions, diabetic neuropathy, immune function, and premenstrual syndrome.
* Linoleic acid (LA) is the other essential fatty acid, belonging to the omega-6 family of fatty acids. It is found abundantly in soy oil, sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, tahini, corn oil, and in most nuts. The typical American diet contains too much LA in comparison to ALA because people consume so much refined vegetable oils made of the abovementioned foods. They not only cook with these oils, but also eat margarine, crackers, cookies, and other processed foods which contain those oils.
The right ratio of linoleic acid versus alpha-linolenic acid in the diet is important. It should be around 3:1 or 2:1, meaning two-three times as much LA as ALA. Typically in the American diet this ratio is more like 20:1. Some researchers believe an imbalance may lead to a variety of mental disorders, including hyperactivity, depression, brain allergies, and schizophrenia.
Non-essential omega-3 and omega-6 fats
There exist also other (non-essential) omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which your body can manufacture from the two essential ones.
* Non-essential omega-3 fatty acids include DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), which the body makes from ALA (the omega-3 essential fatty acid). You may have heard about fish oil and omega-3 fats. Oily cold-water fish contains good amounts of DHA and EPA. Infants and children need DHA for proper brain growth from their diet (and breast milk can have a lot of it!), so in that sense we could classify DHA as an essential fat for children.
* Non-essential omega-6 fatty acids include AA (arachidonic acid) and GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) which your body makes from LA (the omega-6 essential fatty acid).
Many times people confuse or don't differentiate between the different omega-3 fats. ONLY ONE of the omega-3 fatty acids is essential (that is ALA), and a healthy body can make the others (DHA and EPA). Fish oil contains the non-essential omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA. Since the body can make them from ALA, it follows that it is not absolutely necessary to eat fish or take fish oil supplements BUT in all cases it is necessary to get ALA since it is the ESSENTIAL omega-3 fat (best source being flax).
However, in certain cases the conversion from ALA to DHA and/or EPA is not adequate. That can happen (obviously) if you don't get enough of the raw material ALA, or if you don't get enough of vitamins C, B6, B3, or enough zinc and magnesium, which all are needed in the conversion from ALA to DHA and EPA. Also, if the diet contains too much omega-6 fats in comparison to ALA (as is usually the case in western diets), then the conversion is slowed down. So in those cases it can be very beneficial to eat not only flax, but also sources of DHA and EPA as well - which means oily cold-water FISH, like salmon, trout, sardines, herring (and mackerel if it didn't have too much mercury in it).
Does a woman need more EFA's during pregnancy/breastfeeding?
Yes. The brain is over 60% fat and very rich in both omega-3 and omega-6 EFA derivatives so the baby needs essential fatty acids (EFAs) for brain development and brain function. These are drawn from the mother's body during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
So during pregnancy and breastfeeding the mother gets depleted of essential fatty acids, especially the omega-3 fatty acids. Each child gets less EFAs than the previous child, depleting the mother even further, UNLESS the mother augments her diet with EFAs, like flax oil and oily fish.
This depletion of the mother's EFA stores for baby's brain building can explain why younger children have more developmental and behavioral problems than older children, especially if the chilren are born close together. It also can explain why women experience far more depression, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue, and more inflammatory, autoimmune, and collagen diseases than men.
Summary
To what extent research findings using flaxseed itself can be extended to the use of flaxseed oil remains to be determined. There is preliminary clinical evidence suggesting that the oil can decrease platelet aggregation, that it may lower cholesterol (but probably not triglycerides) and that it might have some ability to lower blood pressure and have some anti-inflammatory effects in some with arthritis.
Sources:
Dr. David William's Alternatives Newsletter September 1999 issue
Udo Erasmus: Fats That Heal, Fats That Kill
FAQ of Essential fats, oil processing, good fats, trans fats, etc. from Udoerasmus.com
Humans Turn omega-3 fatty acid ALA to omega-3 fatty acids EPA/DHA (Fish Oil)- by Udo Erasmus
The Human Brain - Essential fatty acids
Fats for Health.com - Your source for Essential Fatty Acid Information and News.
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